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XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language is not really a language but a framework for defining and using markup languages. Markup languages are used for creating units of information called XML documents, which have two standard representations: as a linear text with markup and as a tree data structure.

A tree is a connected set of nodes and a parent-child relationship defined on them. One special node is called the root. Every node except the root has exactly one parent node, and the root is the only node that doesn’t have a parent.

Trees are always drawn upside down, with the root on top and leaves at the bottom. If you start from any node that is not a root, go up to its parent, and continue up the tree, sooner or later you get to the root.

The nodes you encounter along the way are called the ancestors of the node you started from. The root is an ancestor of all nodes in the tree, and all nodes in the tree are its descendants. If node P is the parent of node C, then C is usually called a child of P. Children of the same node are called siblings. Nodes that have no children are called leaves.

A program that takes a text and checks the correctness of its syntax is called a parser. A parser does not simply return a Boolean answer (“correct” or “not correct”): if the text is grammatically correct, it builds an internal representation of its syntactical structure. Such internal representations are called syntax diagrams. For XML documents (as well as computer programs), syntax diagrams form a tree structure.

An XML document consists of text data and markup. The markup indicates the syntactical structure of the document.

This XML document contains three elements: encounter, greeting, and response. Here is the greeting element.An element consists of a start tag, the element’s content (which can be empty), and an end tag. A start tag minimally consists of the “<” character, a tag name, and the “>” character. The tag name can be followed by attribute declarations. An end tag consists of the character sequence “

An element consists of a start tag, the element’s content (which can be empty), and an end tag. A start tag minimally consists of the “<” character, a tag name, and the “>” character. The tag name can be followed by attribute declarations. An end tag consists of the character sequence “

What is the tree structure of the document shown . In XML, the parent-child tree relationship corresponds to how elements are nested within each other in the linear text. In our example, encounter properly contains greeting and response; therefore, in the tree, encounter is the parent of greeting and response, whereas greeting and response are children of encounter and siblings to each other. Leaf elements are either empty or contain only text. (24.5)
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